anti-doping testing raises a handful of sensible questions. This page answers them in order, starting with the fundamentals and moving to applications.
Reviewed 2025-08-10. Anything still debated is marked as such rather than presented as settled.
SR9009 is a synthetic small molecule developed as an agonist of the nuclear receptors REV-ERBα (NR1D1) and REV-ERBβ (NR1D2). These receptors help regulate circadian rhythms and metabolic gene expression. In cell and animal studies, SR9009 alters transcription of genes involved in lipid metabolism, inflammation, and mitochondrial function. It is not an approved medicine, and its pharmacological profile in humans remains largely uncharacterized. The compound is frequently discussed in the context of circadian biology and metabolic research rather than clinical use.
Preclinical reports have linked SR9009 to improved endurance and altered energy expenditure in rodents. Such findings have prompted interest in whether REV-ERB activation can influence skeletal muscle metabolism. However, the reported effects depend on dose, route, and experimental model, and replication across laboratories is limited. Human trials have not established comparable outcomes, so claims about exercise performance remain speculative. The absence of controlled human data is a central limitation in interpreting these observations.
Analytical methods for SR9009 typically rely on liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. The technique can separate the parent compound from related substances and detect low concentrations in biological matrices. Urine and blood are common samples in anti-doping testing, while in vitro studies may use cell culture media. Rapid metabolism and low expected concentrations make method validation important for reliable identification. Exact metabolite patterns can vary by species and are not fully mapped.
Regulatory treatment of SR9009 reflects its investigational status. The compound has no approved human therapeutic indication, and sports authorities prohibit its use. It appears on anti-doping lists as a non-approved substance or metabolic modulator, depending on the list version. Products sold online as research chemicals are not quality-controlled medicines, so their identity and purity can differ from the label. Such products may also contain unlisted compounds, which complicates both testing and safety assessment.
Scientific discussion of SR9009 often separates animal evidence from human anecdote. Rodent studies provide controlled data on endurance, metabolism, and gene expression, but they use specific strains, doses, and treatment durations. Human reports are mostly uncontrolled and cannot establish cause and effect. Open questions include oral bioavailability, tissue distribution, metabolic stability, and long-term effects. Review articles generally call for more rigorous pharmacokinetic and safety research before any clinical use could be considered.
| Property | Value | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Chemical class | Synthetic REV-ERB agonist | Small molecule; not a steroid or peptide. |
| Primary targets | NR1D1 and NR1D2 | Also known as REV-ERBα and REV-ERBβ. |
| Studied routes | Intraperitoneal in rodents | Oral bioavailability in humans is not established. |
| Human approval | No approved therapeutic indication | No recognized clinical use. |
| Key uncertainty | Human physiological effects | Preclinical findings may not translate. |
At the molecular level, SR9009 binds the ligand-binding domain of REV-ERB and strengthens recruitment of corepressor proteins such as NCoR and HDAC3. This increases repression of target genes, including Bmal1 and other clock-controlled and metabolic genes. In rodent studies, such changes have been linked to altered lipid handling, glucose metabolism, and energy expenditure. The precise chain of events between receptor binding and whole-body effects remains an active area of research. Findings in animals do not automatically translate to humans.
Laboratory studies often administer SR9009 by injection because oral absorption appears poor in rodents. Reported pharmacokinetic properties include rapid metabolism and low systemic exposure after oral dosing. Human pharmacokinetic data are sparse, so absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion in people are not well defined. Some research explores related REV-ERB compounds with improved drug-like properties. Regulatory approval for any REV-ERB agonist as a human medicine has not been granted to date.
SR9009 is not approved as a medicine by major regulatory agencies. It is commonly sold as a research chemical, a category that may fall outside customary drug approval and quality rules. In sports, the World Anti-Doping Agency lists SR9009 as a prohibited substance. Athletes who use it can face sanctions if it is detected in a sample. Legal status varies by country, and importation may be restricted. Enforcement practices differ across borders.
Detection of SR9009 in biological samples usually employs liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. This method can identify the parent compound and sometimes metabolites in urine or blood. Because exposure can be low and clearance may be rapid, sample timing and limits of detection matter. Laboratories validate assays for sensitivity and specificity. Results are interpreted alongside chain-of-custody and quality-control records. Urine is the common matrix for anti-doping analysis, while blood may be used in research settings.
Handling recommendations for SR9009 in a laboratory setting include storing the solid at low temperature, protected from light and moisture. The compound is often dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide or ethanol for experiments. Solutions should be prepared with appropriate personal protective equipment and disposed of according to local rules. Stability data for long-term storage are limited, so stock solutions are typically kept cold and used within defined periods. Records of preparation date and concentration support reproducibility.
At the molecular level, SR9009 binds REV-ERBα and REV-ERBβ and alters their repressive activity on target genes. These nuclear receptors help regulate the circadian clock, lipid synthesis, glucose metabolism, and inflammatory pathways. By changing transcription, the compound can shift the timing or magnitude of downstream metabolic processes in model systems. It does not act through androgen receptors or adenosine receptors, which distinguishes it from several substances sold for athletic performance. Whether the same transcriptional changes occur in humans at tolerable exposures remains an open question because controlled human studies are lacking.
Preclinical reports describe effects on exercise endurance, mitochondrial content, and lipid profiles in rodents, but these findings come from specific experimental conditions. Many studies use high doses or delivery methods that may not translate directly to human use. SR9009 has been reported to have low oral bioavailability and a short half-life, which complicates interpretation of oral dosing studies. It is not established as safe or effective for any indication. Literature discussions often separate its pharmacological mechanism from unverified claims made in fitness and supplement markets.
SR9009 is a synthetic small molecule studied as an agonist of the nuclear receptors REV-ERBα and REV-ERBβ. It is not an approved medicine and has no established human therapeutic use. The compound appears in scientific literature as a tool for probing circadian and metabolic regulation. Online sellers often label it as a research chemical, sometimes using the nickname Stenabolic. Its chemical identity is distinct from selective androgen receptor modulators, stimulants, and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor delta agonists. Researchers use it mainly in cell and animal experiments.
Laboratory identification of SR9009 typically relies on chromatographic separation coupled to mass spectrometry, often with ultraviolet detection as a secondary check. Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy can confirm molecular structure when a reference standard is available. Because many suppliers sell the compound as a research chemical, independent identity testing is important for experimental reproducibility. A single retention time is not sufficient proof of identity, especially when related compounds may be present. Purity assessments usually report a percentage based on area normalization.
SR9009 is generally described as poorly soluble in water and more soluble in organic solvents such as dimethyl sulfoxide and ethanol. Stock solutions are commonly prepared in an organic solvent before dilution into an aqueous buffer or vehicle. Precipitation can occur if the organic fraction is reduced too quickly or if the final concentration exceeds the compound's solubility limit. Sonication or gentle warming may aid dissolution in some protocols, but excessive heat can promote degradation. Container material and pH can also influence observed solubility.
For long-term storage, SR9009 is typically kept as a solid at low temperature, protected from moisture and light. Desiccated conditions limit hydrolysis, while opaque containers reduce photochemical breakdown. Solutions are less stable than solids and are often stored frozen in aliquots to avoid repeated freeze-thaw cycles. Stability data are not standardized across all suppliers, so users should rely on certificate-of-analysis information when available. Degradation may appear as color change, precipitate, or decreased chromatographic purity.
The North American Hetman movement reached the height of its influence around 1937–1938, when it was visited by Danylo Skoropadskyi, the hetman's son and successor. However, the organizations lost their influence during WW2 and in the following years due to internal splits and government investigations into their activity.
Hematopoietic prostaglandin D synthase protein, also known as Glutathione-Dependent PGD Synthase, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the HPGDS gene. HPGDS is a bifunctional enzyme. One of its functions is to act as a Prostaglandin-D synthase by catalyzing the conversion of PGH2 to PGD2. As part of this, it plays a role in the production of prostanoids in the immune system and mast cells. It is also a sigma class glutathione-S-transferase family member, and so its other function is to catalyze the conjugation of glutathione by certain aryl halides and isothiocyanates. The presence of this enzyme can be used to identify the differentiation stage of human megakaryocytes.
=== Atomic and molecular physics === Some atomic energy levels are metastable. Rydberg atoms are an example of metastable excited atomic states. Transitions from metastable excited levels are typically those forbidden by electric dipole selection rules. This means that any transitions from this level are relatively unlikely to occur. In a sense, an electron that happens to find itself in a metastable configuration is trapped there. Since transitions from a metastable state are not impossible (merely less likely), the electron will eventually decay to a less energetic state, typically by an electric quadrupole transition, or often by non-radiative de-excitation (e.g., collisional de-excitation). This slow-decay property of a metastable state is apparent in phosphorescence, the kind of photoluminescence seen in glow-in-the-dark toys that can be charged by first being exposed to bright light. Whereas spontaneous emission in atoms has a typical timescale on the order of 10−8 seconds, the decay of metastable states can typically take milliseconds to minutes, and so light emitted in phosphorescence is usually both weak and long-lasting.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
== Career and Discoveries == In 2000, Sen joined The Ohio State University, where he was promoted to full professor with tenure in 2004 and later awarded the John H. & Mildred C. Lumley Endowed Chair of Surgery. At Ohio State, he also served as Associate Dean of Research. Sen was the founding Executive Director of the OSU Comprehensive Wound Center and the founding Director of the OSU Center for Regenerative Medicine & Cell-Based Therapies. His research at Ohio State focused on tissue injury, repair, regeneration, and infection, including studies on stroke, tissue reprogramming, and cutaneous wound healing. This work led to the development of Tissue Nanotransfection (TNT) technology for in vivo tissue reprogramming, published in Nature Nanotechnology. TNT received a 2018 Edison Awards for Innovation. Sen's work also advanced electroceutical approaches for managing tissue infection, earning the Frost & Sullivan Award for New Product Innovation. In 2021, he was elected a Lifetime Fellow of the National Academy of Inventors. In 2018, the Indianapolis Business Journal described Sen as “one of the world's leading experts in the nascent field of regenerative medicine” when he joined Indiana University as Director of the Indiana Center for Regenerative Medicine and Engineering (ICRME), Executive Director of IU Health Comprehensive Wound Center, J. Stanley Battersby Chair and Professor of Surgery, Associate Vice President of Research, and Associate Dean for Entrepreneurial Research. He brought a team of 30 researchers and $10 million in research funding.
=== Electrochemical detection === Electrochemical detection serves as an inexpensive alternative to not only measure chemical composition in certain cases, but also droplet length, frequency, conductivity, and velocity at high speeds and usually with very little space compensation on the chip. The method was first discussed in Luo et al. wherein the team was able to successfully measure the size and ion concentration in pico-liter droplets containing dissolved NaCl ions. It is usually performed with a set or series of microelectrodes which measure the perturbations of current, smaller drops giving smaller perturbations while larger drops giving longer curves. The number of perturbations in the current can also indicate the frequency of the droplets passing the electrode as a way to determine the rate of droplets as well. Several different compounds have been suggested for use within the electrodes, as accurate, precise, and significant readings can be difficult within the microscale. These compounds range from carbon paste electrodes that are applied directly to the chip, to platinum black electrodeposited on platinum wire in tandem with a silver chloride on silver microelectrode to increase activity and surface area. As for chemical composition, readings are achieved through chronoamperometric analysis of electro-active compounds within the droplets as stated above. The potential varies dependent on the electrically viable ions, dissolved sodium and chlorine ions in this experiment, and their concentrations within each droplet.
The firm has served as the official energy drink sponsor of multiple X Games contests, including the 2017 summer games in Minneapolis and the 2017 winter games in Aspen. Among the athletes on their team are skateboarders Nyjah Huston, Ishod Wair and Chris Cole, three-time gold-winning skier David Wise, Olympic freestyle skier Gus Kenworthy and Olympic gold medalist snowboarder Iouri Podladtchikov.
=== Films === Kung-Fu Master (1988) – directed by Agnès Varda Trop (peu) d'amour (1998) – directed by Jacques Doillon Mauvaises fréquentations (1999) – directed by Jean-Pierre Améris Mamirolle (2000) – directed by Brigitte Coscas Carrément à l'ouest (2001) – directed by Jacques Doillon Embrassez qui vous voudrez (2002) – directed by Michel Blanc Blanche (2002) – directed by Bernie Bonvoisin Saint Ange (2004) – directed by Pascal Laugier La Vida perra de Juanita Narboni (2005) – of Farida Benlyazid Sisters (2006) – directed by Douglas Buck Go Go Tales (2007) – directed by Abel Ferrara Boxes (2007) – directed by Jane Birkin and starring Birkin, Geraldine Chaplin, Michel Piccoli and Natacha Régnier Bazar (2009) – directed by Patricia Plattner and starring Bernadette Lafont Gigola (2010) – directed by Laure Charpentier Naked in London (2011) – directed by Mark Tierney Polisse (2011) – directed by Maïwenn Un enfant de toi (2012) – directed by Jacques Doillon Quasi a Casa (2024) - directed by Carolina Pavone
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
It is a synthetic compound that acts as an agonist at REV-ERBα and REV-ERBβ. It is used mainly as a research chemical to study circadian and metabolic pathways. It is not approved for human therapeutic use.
REV-ERB receptors generally repress transcription when bound by natural heme. SR9009 is described as an agonist that enhances this repressive activity. The result is altered expression of clock and metabolic genes.
Published controlled human trials are lacking. Some sources cite limited or unofficial reports, but these do not establish safety or efficacy. Claims about human performance effects remain unverified.
No. It is an investigational compound without approved therapeutic indications. It is sold for research purposes only in many jurisdictions.