The short version of nuclear receptor fits in a sentence. The long version — which is the one that helps — is below.
This page was last updated on 2026-01-15 and is reviewed periodically as new material appears.
Pharmacokinetic data for SR9009 are limited in published literature. Some reports indicate low oral bioavailability and rapid clearance in animals, which complicates interpretation of exposure and effect. Researchers often use injected routes in preclinical work to achieve measurable systemic levels. Analytical studies rely on mass spectrometry to detect the parent compound and its metabolites. Questions about tissue distribution, active metabolites, and long-term consequences remain open. Species differences in metabolism can affect observed half-life and target engagement.
SR9009 is a synthetic small molecule studied as an agonist of the nuclear receptors REV-ERBα and REV-ERBβ. These receptors help regulate circadian rhythms and metabolic gene expression. In laboratory experiments, SR9009 binds these receptors and alters transcription of genes involved in lipid handling, glucose metabolism, and mitochondrial function. It is not a naturally occurring compound and has no approved therapeutic use. Research interest stems from its ability to modify energy metabolism in cells and animal models.
In rodent studies, SR9009 has been reported to increase mitochondrial content in skeletal muscle and improve exercise endurance under some conditions. These findings led to popular descriptions such as an exercise mimetic, although that term oversimplifies the biology. Effects vary by dose, timing, tissue, and model. The compound's influence on circadian pathways means that time of administration can matter in experiments. Whether similar metabolic changes occur in humans remains largely unexplored in controlled published trials.
The mechanism of action involves binding to REV-ERB receptors and recruiting corepressor complexes, which represses target gene transcription. This contrasts with many nuclear receptor agonists that activate transcription. Downstream effects may include changes in autophagy, mitochondrial biogenesis, and lipid handling, but the precise pathways remain an active area of study. Whether these molecular events translate into meaningful physiological effects in humans is unresolved. Most evidence comes from cultured cells and rodent models rather than human participants.
SR9009 is a synthetic small molecule developed as an agonist of the nuclear receptors REV-ERBα (NR1D1) and REV-ERBβ (NR1D2). These receptors help regulate circadian rhythms and metabolic gene expression. In cell and animal studies, SR9009 alters transcription of genes involved in lipid metabolism, inflammation, and mitochondrial function. It is not an approved medicine, and its pharmacological profile in humans remains largely uncharacterized. The compound is frequently discussed in the context of circadian biology and metabolic research rather than clinical use.
Preclinical reports have linked SR9009 to improved endurance and altered energy expenditure in rodents. Such findings have prompted interest in whether REV-ERB activation can influence skeletal muscle metabolism. However, the reported effects depend on dose, route, and experimental model, and replication across laboratories is limited. Human trials have not established comparable outcomes, so claims about exercise performance remain speculative. The absence of controlled human data is a central limitation in interpreting these observations.
| Property | Value | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Chemical class | Synthetic small-molecule REV-ERB agonist | Not a hormone or natural product |
| Primary targets | REV-ERBα and REV-ERBβ | Nuclear receptors involved in circadian and metabolic regulation |
| Appearance | White to off-white solid | Typical for purified research samples |
| Solubility | Soluble in DMSO and ethanol; low water solubility | Laboratory solubility depends on solvent and purity |
| Common synonyms | SR9009; Stenabolic | Stenabolic is a colloquial name, not a formal chemical name |
Regulatory treatment of SR9009 varies by country and region. It is not approved as a pharmaceutical, and several jurisdictions restrict its sale for human consumption. Some authorities classify it as a research chemical, a prescription-only substance, or a prohibited performance-enhancing agent in sport. Purchasers may encounter certificates of analysis, but these documents do not guarantee identity, purity, or legality. In research settings, institutional safety reviews and controlled procurement help ensure that materials are handled under appropriate oversight. The absence of harmonized rules means that legal status can change and requires verification.
Analytical identification of SR9009 typically relies on liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. In biological samples, researchers first separate the compound from matrix components using protein precipitation, liquid-liquid extraction, or solid-phase extraction. High-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy can support structural confirmation of reference materials. Because SR9009 is a small, relatively lipophilic molecule, reverse-phase columns and acidic mobile phases are common. Laboratories often include isotope-labeled internal standards to improve quantification and to correct for ion suppression.
Stability depends on physical form, temperature, light exposure, and solvent. Solid SR9009 is generally stored cold and dry, with protection from light to limit degradation. Dimethyl sulfoxide stocks are common for laboratory work, but repeated freeze-thaw cycles can reduce compound integrity. Aqueous solutions may be less stable than organic stocks, and the ethyl ester in the structure can be susceptible to hydrolysis under certain conditions. Researchers typically validate storage conditions and recheck purity before quantitative experiments, especially when using archived material.
Detection in biological samples can be complicated by rapid metabolism and low circulating concentrations. Some studies report phase I and phase II metabolites, and analytical methods may need to target those species in addition to the parent compound. Immunoassays are not broadly available, so mass spectrometry remains the main confirmatory approach. For anti-doping testing, laboratories look for SR9009 and its metabolites using validated LC-MS methods. Open questions include how long metabolites remain detectable and how different routes of administration alter detection windows.
In laboratory settings, SR9009 is typically characterized by liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC-MS) or high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection (HPLC-UV). These methods can confirm identity and estimate purity, but they require reference standards for accurate quantification. Because SR9009 is not a licensed pharmaceutical, no harmonized pharmacopeial monograph exists. Laboratories often validate in-house methods for matrices such as plasma, urine, or cell culture media. Sample preparation may involve protein precipitation or liquid-liquid extraction before analysis.
Physicochemical behavior influences handling. SR9009 is described as a solid with limited aqueous solubility, so organic solvents such as dimethyl sulfoxide or ethanol are common in research stock solutions. Aqueous dilution can produce precipitates if the organic content is too low. Light, heat, and repeated freeze-thaw cycles may affect stability. Storage recommendations usually specify a desiccated freezer environment protected from light, but exact stability data depend on the formulation and matrix.
Regulatory treatment of SR9009 varies by country and context. It is not approved as a therapeutic drug by agencies such as the United States Food and Drug Administration or the European Medicines Agency. Sports authorities list it as a prohibited substance; the World Anti-Doping Agency classifies it among hormone and metabolic modulators. Legal status for personal possession or sale differs across jurisdictions, and some countries may restrict it under analog or research chemical laws. Buyers who seek verified material often rely on independent laboratory testing because online product labels may not match contents.
Laboratory samples of SR9009 are typically handled as research chemicals rather than pharmaceuticals. Suppliers usually state that the material is for research use only and not for human or veterinary administration. Storage recommendations generally call for a freezer at approximately −20 °C, protection from light, and a desiccated environment. The solid is often described as a white to off-white powder. Solubility is commonly reported in organic solvents such as dimethyl sulfoxide and ethanol, with low solubility in water.
Analytical identification and purity assessment often use high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection or mass spectrometry. Liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry is used to detect and quantify SR9009 in biological matrices, including urine and blood, for anti-doping or pharmacokinetic studies. Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy can confirm molecular structure. Stability depends on form and storage: the solid is generally more stable than solutions, and repeated freeze–thaw cycles may degrade samples. Purity is typically reported as a percentage from a certificate of analysis.
Research interest in SR9009 grew from studies of circadian biology and metabolic disease. Preclinical reports describe effects on exercise capacity, muscle metabolism, and blood lipid levels in rodents, but these findings come from controlled laboratory settings. The compound has low oral bioavailability in animals, which limits systemic exposure after swallowing. Investigators often use injected routes in experiments to achieve measurable plasma concentrations. Human clinical data are sparse, no approved therapeutic product exists, and whether animal effects translate to humans remains an open question.
Regulatory and sporting contexts treat SR9009 as a prohibited substance in many elite competitions. Its presence on banned lists reflects concerns about performance enhancement and unknown long-term safety. Analytical chemists have developed methods to detect the parent compound and its metabolites in urine and blood. Literature discussions distinguish between in vitro potency, animal pharmacology, and anecdotal human reports. The latter are difficult to verify because products sold online may lack purity or contain different compounds.
SR9009 is a synthetic small molecule studied as an agonist of the nuclear receptors REV-ERBα and REV-ERBβ. These receptors help regulate circadian rhythms, lipid metabolism, and inflammatory gene expression. In cell and animal experiments, SR9009 alters transcription of clock-controlled genes and metabolic pathways. The compound is not a hormone and does not resemble classical steroid structures. Its activity depends on binding to the ligand-binding domain of REV-ERB, where it can modify corepressor recruitment.
== History == Reslizumab was initially developed by Chuan-Chu Chou at Schering-Plough and was previously known as SCH-55700. In 1993, Chou and his group at Schering-Plough were granted the patent for the design, cloning and expression of the reslizumab drug. Ception Therapeutics acquired the drug and continued its development under the name CTx55700. In 2010, Ception Therapeutics was acquired by Cephalon for $250 million and the drug continued under development under the codename CEP-38072. In 2011, Teva Pharmaceuticals acquired Cephalon for $6.8 billion and continued the development of reslizumab.
Friedrich Engelhorn Heinrich von Brunck Carl Bosch Carl Wurster Bernhard Timm Matthias Seefelder Jürgen Strube 1990-2003 Jürgen Hambrecht 2003-2011 Kurt Bock 2011-2018 Martin Brudermüller 2018-2024 Markus Kamieth 2024–present
Prostaglandin E synthase (EC 5.3.99.3, or PGE synthase) is an enzyme involved in eicosanoid and glutathione metabolism, a member of MAPEG family. It generates prostaglandin E (PGE) from prostaglandin H2. The synthase generating PGE2 is a membrane-associated protein.
The legal status of psychedelic drugs in United States varies depending on the specific drug and jurisdiction in question. Various major psychedelics, including DMT, psilocin, psilocybin, 5-MeO-DMT, mescaline, DOM, 2C-B, 25I-NBOMe, MDA, and LSD among others, are explicitly controlled substances. In addition, if intended for human consumption and "substantially similar", many psychedelics that are analogues of scheduled psychedelics may themselves also be considered controlled substances. The Controlled Substances Act (CSA) and U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) regulate the legality of psychedelic drugs in the United States. Almost all controlled psychedelic drugs in the country are Schedule I controlled substances as of 2026, with a few exceptions.
==== Possible prebiotic environments ==== The symmetry-breaking and chiral amplification of racemic RAO only requires a prebiotic environment where RAO is available and can interact with spin-polarized magnetic surfaces. One suggested environment is an evaporative lake with magnetic sediments, such as magnetite or greigite, which gain a statistically uniform net magnetization on a hemisphere scale from the Earth's geomagnetic field. These environments could have been widespread on the early Earth, and wet-drying cycling within and at the edges of these lakes could facilitate both crystallization and replenishment of RAO, along with other prebiotic precursors important for early life.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
Bulalô (Tagalog: [bʊ.lɐˈlɔʔ]) is a beef dish from the Philippines. It is made by slow-cooking beef shanks and bone marrow until the collagen and fat has melted into a light-colored broth. It typically includes leafy vegetables (for example pechay or cabbage), corn on the cob, scallions, onions, garlic, ginger, and fish sauce. Potatoes, carrots, or taro may be added. It is commonly eaten with rice, with soy sauce and calamansi on the side. Bulalo is native to the Southern Luzon region of the Philippines, particularly in the provinces of Batangas and Cavite. Bulalo is a pre-colonial Filipino dish. Its name comes from the word bulalo, which means "bone marrow" in Tagalog (also extending to mean "kneecap"). Bulalo originally does not include vegetables or starchy ingredients (aside from the flavoring ingredients and spices). Though in modern times, vegetables have become more typical in most bulalo recipes. The key distinguishing ingredient of the dish is the bone marrow, which differentiates it from similar beef broth dishes in the Philippines. Bulalo is most commonly confused with nilagang baka, since both can share almost all of the same ingredients. However, nilagang baka only uses meaty and fatty cuts of beef and does not include bone marrow. Other similar dishes in other parts of the Philippines (which may or may not include bone marrow) include the Western Visayan cansi which is soured with batuan fruit; the Waray dish pakdol; and the Cebuano dish pochero.
Fibrosis, also known as fibrotic scarring, is the development of fibrous connective tissue in response to an injury. Fibrosis can be a normal connective tissue deposition or excessive tissue deposition caused by a disease. Repeated injuries, chronic inflammation and repair are susceptible to fibrosis, where an accidental excessive accumulation of extracellular matrix components, particularly collagen, is produced by fibroblasts, leading to the formation of a permanent fibrotic scar. In response to injury, this is called scarring, and if fibrosis arises from a single cell line, this is called a fibroma. Physiologically, fibrosis acts to deposit connective tissue, which can interfere with or totally inhibit the normal architecture and function of the underlying organ or tissue. Fibrosis can be used to describe the pathological state of excess deposition of fibrous tissue, as well as the process of connective tissue deposition in healing. Defined by the pathological accumulation of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins, fibrosis results in scarring and thickening of the affected tissue — it is in essence a natural wound healing response which interferes with normal organ function.
Thiols or mercaptans (so called because they capture mercury as chelators) are the sulfur analogs of alcohols; treatment of thiols with base gives thiolate ions. Thioethers are the sulfur analogs of ethers. Sulfonium ions have three groups attached to a cationic sulfur center. Dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP) is one such compound, important in the marine organic sulfur cycle. Sulfoxides and sulfones are thioethers with one and two oxygen atoms attached to the sulfur atom, respectively. The simplest sulfoxide, dimethyl sulfoxide, is a common solvent; a common sulfone is sulfolane. Sulfonic acids are used in many detergents. Compounds with carbon–sulfur multiple bonds are uncommon, an exception being carbon disulfide, a volatile colorless liquid that is structurally similar to carbon dioxide. It is used as a reagent to make the polymer rayon and many organosulfur compounds. Unlike carbon monoxide, carbon monosulfide is stable only as an extremely dilute gas, found between solar systems. Organosulfur compounds are responsible for some of the unpleasant odors of decaying organic matter. They are widely known as the odorant in domestic natural gas, garlic odor, and skunk spray. Not all organic sulfur compounds smell unpleasant at all concentrations: the sulfur-containing monoterpenoid (grapefruit mercaptan) in small concentrations is the characteristic scent of grapefruit, but has a generic thiol odor at larger concentrations. Sulfur mustard, a potent vesicant, was used in World War I as a disabling agent.
==== Sen-chan ==== Senichi Enari (江成 仙一, Enari Sen'ichi), also known as "Sen-chan" (センちゃん), is the eccentric, yet calmest and smartest member, of the team, due in part to his ability to think things through and being able to do his best thinking while in a handstand, which he considers his "thinking pose". Sen-chan serves as Deka Green (デカグリーン, Deka Gurīn). The oldest of seven siblings from a poor family, he displays nycto- and claustrophobia after accidentally falling into a well when he was a child. He was subsequently rescued by a policeman, which inspired him to take up police work. Despite his usually calm demeanor, he is said to be scary when angered. He also displays a crush on his teammate Umeko, but avoids showing it publicly. As of the crossover film Mahō Sentai Magiranger vs. Dekaranger, they have moved in together. As Deka Green, Sen-chan wields the D-Knuckle and D-Rod, which can combine to form the D-Blaster (ディーブラスター, Dī Burasutā) rifle. He also shares riding the Machine Bull (マシンブル, Mashin Buru) police car with Umeko. Using the D-Rod, Sen-chan can perform the Green Crash (グリーンクラッシュ, Gurīn Kurasshu) attack. Sen-chan is portrayed by Yousuke Itou (伊藤 陽佑, Itō Yōsuke). As a child, he is portrayed by Kengo Tajima (田島 健吾, Tajima Kengo).
In 2016, DeepMind's WaveNet demonstrated that deep neural networks can generate raw audio waveforms. This enabled more realistic speech synthesis compared to earlier approaches. Subsequent systems such as Tacotron 2 demonstrated end-to-end neural text-to-speech generation.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
Deslorelin, sold under the brand name Suprelorin among others, is an injectable gonadotropin releasing hormone superagonist (GnRH agonist) which is used in veterinary medicine for various indications.
The development of microbial therapeutics is an active area of research in microbiology and synthetic biology. Researchers generally follow two main approaches. One approach focuses on identifying naturally occurring microorganisms that already have beneficial effects on human health and studying how they can be safely used as treatments. The second approach involves genetically engineering microorganisms to give them new or enhanced therapeutic functions, such as producing specific medicines inside the body or responding to changes in the disease environment. Developing microbial therapeutics also involves addressing challenges related to safety, stability, and control. Scientists work to ensure that therapeutic microbes behave predictably, can be reliably manufactured, and remain effective without causing harm to patients.
== Toxicity == Carbonyl sulfide has the "rotten egg" odor characteristic of sulfides, although some sources suggest that the associated odor is due to impurities, and not present in the pure compound. The detectability threshold is estimated at 135μg/m
Good Glue Sticks (French: La Colle universelle, literally "The Universal Glue") is a 1907 French short silent film by Georges Méliès. It was sold by Méliès's Star Film Company and is numbered 1005–1009 in its catalogues. Méliès plays the street peddler in the film, which uses substitution splices for its special effects. The earliest academic discussion of the film, in John Frazer's 1979 book Artificially Arranged Scenes: The Films of Georges Méliès, was based on a badly edited print, with the end of the film placed at the beginning. A 1981 guide to Méliès's films, published by the Centre national de la cinématographie, clarified the scene order.
Joseph Maroon (born May 26, 1940) is an American neurosurgeon, author, and triathlon athlete. He is a professor of and the vice chairman of the Department of Neurological Surgery at the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center. He is a former medical director of WWE, and currently acts as a medical consultant for the company. He is particularly known for his work studying concussions and concussion prevention as well as his hypothesis (after the discovery of the CTE by Dr. Bennet Omalu) on the development of chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE).
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
It is a synthetic research compound that activates REV-ERB nuclear receptors. It is not an approved drug or dietary supplement. Most information comes from cell and animal studies.
It binds REV-ERBα and REV-ERBβ and changes transcription of metabolic genes. This can affect circadian rhythm, lipid use, and mitochondrial function. The full downstream effects are still under study.
No. Some rodent studies show increased endurance, but controlled human trials are lacking. Claims about human performance are not established by published evidence.
It is a synthetic compound that acts as an agonist at REV-ERBα and REV-ERBβ. It is used mainly as a research chemical to study circadian and metabolic pathways. It is not approved for human therapeutic use.