circadian clock raises a handful of sensible questions. This page answers them in order, starting with the fundamentals and moving to applications.
This page was last updated on 2026-01-25 and is reviewed periodically as new material appears.
Most published work on SR9009 consists of preclinical studies. It is widely sold as a research chemical, a category that does not imply safety, efficacy, or pharmaceutical-grade quality. Sports anti-doping organizations have listed SR9009 as a prohibited substance, and its presence in an athlete sample can lead to sanctions. Legal status differs by country; in several jurisdictions it is not approved for human consumption and may be treated as an unapproved new drug.
SR9009 is a synthetic small molecule studied as an agonist of the nuclear receptors REV-ERBα and REV-ERBβ. It is not a steroid, peptide, or natural hormone. In scientific literature, it appears under the code SR9009 and in non-scientific contexts as Stenabolic. The compound was identified through chemical screening efforts aimed at targeting circadian clock components. Its status remains investigational, and no regulatory agency has approved it as a human medicine.
Regulatory and sporting contexts treat SR9009 as a prohibited substance in many elite competitions. Its presence on banned lists reflects concerns about performance enhancement and unknown long-term safety. Analytical chemists have developed methods to detect the parent compound and its metabolites in urine and blood. Literature discussions distinguish between in vitro potency, animal pharmacology, and anecdotal human reports. The latter are difficult to verify because products sold online may lack purity or contain different compounds.
SR9009 is a synthetic small molecule studied as an agonist of the nuclear receptors REV-ERBα and REV-ERBβ. These receptors help regulate circadian rhythms, lipid metabolism, and inflammatory gene expression. In cell and animal experiments, SR9009 alters transcription of clock-controlled genes and metabolic pathways. The compound is not a hormone and does not resemble classical steroid structures. Its activity depends on binding to the ligand-binding domain of REV-ERB, where it can modify corepressor recruitment.
| Property | Value | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Common name | SR9009 | Also referred to as Stenabolic in non-scientific contexts. |
| Chemical class | Synthetic small molecule | Not a steroid or peptide hormone. |
| Receptor target | REV-ERBα and REV-ERBβ | Nuclear receptor agonist in preclinical studies. |
| Development status | Investigational | No approved human therapeutic indication. |
| Regulatory attention | Prohibited in sport | Listed by anti-doping authorities. |
Laboratory studies often administer SR9009 by injection because oral absorption appears poor in rodents. Reported pharmacokinetic properties include rapid metabolism and low systemic exposure after oral dosing. Human pharmacokinetic data are sparse, so absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion in people are not well defined. Some research explores related REV-ERB compounds with improved drug-like properties. Regulatory approval for any REV-ERB agonist as a human medicine has not been granted to date.
SR9009 is a synthetic small molecule studied as an agonist of the nuclear receptors REV-ERBα and REV-ERBβ, also called NR1D1 and NR1D2. These receptors help regulate circadian rhythms and metabolic gene programs. The compound was developed for laboratory research, not as an approved therapeutic. Its identity is distinct from steroid hormones and selective androgen receptor modulators. Scientific interest centers on how REV-ERB activation changes gene expression in cells and animal models.
At the molecular level, SR9009 binds the ligand-binding domain of REV-ERB and strengthens recruitment of corepressor proteins such as NCoR and HDAC3. This increases repression of target genes, including Bmal1 and other clock-controlled and metabolic genes. In rodent studies, such changes have been linked to altered lipid handling, glucose metabolism, and energy expenditure. The precise chain of events between receptor binding and whole-body effects remains an active area of research. Findings in animals do not automatically translate to humans.
SR9009 is often grouped with compounds studied for circadian and metabolic regulation rather than with classical anabolic steroids. Its interactions with nuclear receptors differ from those of androgen receptor ligands, and its proposed mechanisms involve transcriptional control rather than direct hormone signaling. Some sources classify it as a metabolic modulator because of observed effects on energy utilization. The distinction matters for regulation and for interpreting research results across different compound classes.
SR9009 is a synthetic small molecule developed as a REV-ERB agonist. It binds to REV-ERBα and REV-ERBβ, nuclear receptors that help regulate circadian rhythms and metabolic gene expression. In cell and animal studies, the compound alters lipid and glucose handling and influences skeletal muscle oxidative capacity. Its exact effects in humans remain largely uncharacterized because controlled clinical trials have not been reported. The molecule is frequently described in preclinical literature as a metabolic modulator.
Research interest in SR9009 grew from studies showing improved running endurance in mice after short treatment periods. Those experiments linked the compound to increased mitochondrial content and fatty acid oxidation in muscle, but the findings come from animal models and specific dosing schedules. Independent replication has been limited, and the pathways connecting REV-ERB activation to exercise performance are still being mapped. Whether similar responses occur in humans is an open question.
REV-ERB proteins typically suppress gene expression by recruiting corepressor complexes to DNA response elements. SR9009 binds these receptors and strengthens that repressive action in cell-based assays. Studies in rodents have reported changes in lipid handling, mitochondrial function, and exercise capacity after treatment. Such findings are often cited as evidence for metabolic effects, but species differences and limited pharmacokinetic data make direct translation to humans uncertain. Researchers continue to examine which effects are robust and which depend on specific experimental conditions.
SR9009 is frequently discussed alongside other REV-ERB ligands, including synthetic agonists and natural heme-related molecules. Its selectivity for REV-ERB over related nuclear receptors has been measured in binding and reporter assays, though off-target activity at higher concentrations is possible. The compound is prohibited in sport by the World Anti-Doping Agency, and it is not approved for any medical use in major jurisdictions. Products sold online may be labeled as research chemicals, and their identity and purity are not guaranteed by regulatory review.
SR9009 is a synthetic small molecule that acts on the nuclear receptors REV-ERBα and REV-ERBβ. These receptors are part of the circadian clock machinery and normally repress transcription of certain target genes. In laboratory research, SR9009 is used as a chemical tool to study how REV-ERB activity influences metabolism, inflammation, and daily biological rhythms. The compound is not an approved medicine, and its effects in humans remain largely uncharacterized. It is often described as an investigational agent rather than a therapeutic product.
Laboratory identification of SR9009 typically relies on chromatographic separation coupled to mass spectrometry, often with ultraviolet detection as a secondary check. Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy can confirm molecular structure when a reference standard is available. Because many suppliers sell the compound as a research chemical, independent identity testing is important for experimental reproducibility. A single retention time is not sufficient proof of identity, especially when related compounds may be present. Purity assessments usually report a percentage based on area normalization.
SR9009 is generally described as poorly soluble in water and more soluble in organic solvents such as dimethyl sulfoxide and ethanol. Stock solutions are commonly prepared in an organic solvent before dilution into an aqueous buffer or vehicle. Precipitation can occur if the organic fraction is reduced too quickly or if the final concentration exceeds the compound's solubility limit. Sonication or gentle warming may aid dissolution in some protocols, but excessive heat can promote degradation. Container material and pH can also influence observed solubility.
=== Life cycle === Female Osedax worms have been observed spawning both in the wild and in laboratory aquaria. Osedax rubiplumus can spawn hundreds of oocytes at a time. They are already fertilized when they are released from the female worm. The worms' endosymbionts, species of bacteria in the order Oceanospirillales, were not observed in the spawned oocytes, which suggests that they are acquired after the worms settle on the bones. Osedax appears to be highly fecund and reproduces continuously.
=== FDA warning letters === Over the period of 2021–2023, the US FDA issued warning letters to manufacturers of ginkgo dietary supplements for false advertising about health claims and misbranding of their products as non-approved drugs.
=== Chemical === One of the first historical QSPR applications (as pre-condition to QSAR) was to predict boiling points. It is well known for instance that within a particular family of chemical compounds, especially of organic chemistry, that there are strong correlations between structure and observed properties. A simple example is the relationship between the number of carbons in alkanes and their boiling points. There is a clear trend in the increase of boiling point with an increase in the number carbons, and this serves as a means for predicting the boiling points of higher alkanes. A still very interesting application is the Hammett equation, Taft equation and pKa prediction methods.
== Further reading == Timeline of Materials Science Archived 2011-07-27 at the Wayback Machine at The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society (TMS) – accessed March 2007 Burns, G.; Glazer, A.M. (1990). Space Groups for Scientists and Engineers (2nd ed.). Boston: Academic Press, Inc. ISBN 978-0-12-145761-7. Cullity, B.D. (1978). Elements of X-Ray Diffraction (2nd ed.). Reading, Massachusetts: Addison-Wesley Publishing Company. ISBN 978-0-534-55396-8. Giacovazzo, C; Monaco HL; Viterbo D; Scordari F; Gilli G; Zanotti G; Catti M (1992). Fundamentals of Crystallography. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-855578-0. Green, D.J.; Hannink, R.; Swain, M.V. (1989). Transformation Toughening of Ceramics. Boca Raton: CRC Press. ISBN 978-0-8493-6594-2. Lovesey, S. W. (1984). Theory of Neutron Scattering from Condensed Matter; Volume 1: Neutron Scattering. Oxford: Clarendon Press. ISBN 978-0-19-852015-3. Lovesey, S. W. (1984). Theory of Neutron Scattering from Condensed Matter; Volume 2: Condensed Matter. Oxford: Clarendon Press. ISBN 978-0-19-852017-7. O'Keeffe, M.; Hyde, B.G. (1996). "Crystal Structures; I. Patterns and Symmetry". Zeitschrift für Kristallographie – Crystalline Materials. 212 (12). Washington, DC: Mineralogical Society of America, Monograph Series: 899. Bibcode:1997ZK....212..899K. doi:10.1524/zkri.1997.212.12.899. ISBN 978-0-939950-40-9.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: periodical has ISBN (link) Squires, G.L. (1996). Introduction to the Theory of Thermal Neutron Scattering (2nd ed.). Mineola, New York: Dover Publications Inc. ISBN 978-0-486-69447-4.
'FWACS' – Fellow of the West African College of Surgeons. Following award of fellowship, the Medical and Dental Council of Nigeria (MDCN) formally recognizes the individual as a specialist/consultant. Fellowship holders are eligible for appointment as consultant physicians, surgeons, dentists, or radiologists in teaching hospitals, federal medical centers, and tertiary institutions. They may also teach in universities and residency training programs or set up specialist private practices. Some specialties (e.g., Cardiology, Gastroenterology, Paediatric Surgery, Interventional Radiology) offer post-fellowship subspecialty training within or outside Nigeria. Increasingly, Nigerian-trained fellows pursue international fellowships or enroll in academic doctorate (PhD) programs, especially in research-intensive disciplines. The FWACP and FWACS are widely recognized across Anglophone West Africa. NPMCN and WACP/WACS fellowships are increasingly acknowledged in Europe, North America, and the Middle East, although individual recognition often requires equivalence assessments or registration with local medical councils (e.g., GMC in the UK). Many Nigerian-trained specialists have transitioned into international academic, clinical, or humanitarian roles, especially in underserved or diaspora communities. In South Africa, successful completion of residency leads to board certification as a specialist with the Health Professions Council and eligibility for fellowship of the Colleges of Medicine of South Africa.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
Octreotide is used in nuclear medicine imaging by labeling with indium-111 (Octreoscan) to noninvasively image neuroendocrine and other tumours expressing somatostatin receptors. It has been radiolabeled with carbon-11 as well as gallium-68 (using edotreotide), enabling imaging with positron emission tomography (PET).
== Contraindications == Nitrovasodilators are contraindicated under circumstances where lowering of blood pressure can be dangerous. This includes, with some variation between the individual substances, severe hypotension (low blood pressure), shock including cardiogenic shock, and anaemia. Whether a specific drug is useful or harmful under heart failure and myocardial infarction depends on its speed of action: Fast acting substances such as glyceryl trinitrate and nitroprusside can be helpful for controlling blood pressure and consequently the amount of blood the heart has to pump, if the application is monitored continuously. Slow acting substances would hold the danger of ischaemia due to an uncontrollably low blood pressure and are therefore contraindicated. Depending on the circumstances, even fast acting substances can be contraindicated – for example, glyceryl trinitrate in patients with obstructive heart failure. These drugs are also contraindicated in patients that have recently taken PDE5 inhibitors such as sildenafil (Viagra).
Before the age of pasteurization, cheesemakers knew that certain cheeses could cause constipation or kidney stones, so they advised their customers to supplement these side effects by eating in moderation along with other foods and consuming walnuts, almonds, or horseradish.
=== Supercritical desalination === The solubility of dissolved ions drops precipitously once a fluid becomes supercritical. This effect can be used to precipitate salts from high salinity desalination streams, with solubility of different salts decreasing rapidly as water approaches supercritical temperatures. Complex cycle design can enable selective precipitation and improved heat recovery. Some very saline water sources like produced water also have high hydrocarbon content, which can be oxidized by supercritical desalination.
=== China === The People's Republic of China defines a VOC as those compounds that have "originated from automobiles, industrial production and civilian use, burning of all types of fuels, storage and transportation of oils, fitment finish, coating for furniture and machines, cooking oil fume and fine particles (PM 2.5)", and similar sources. In July 2018, the State Council released the "Three-Year Action Plan for Winning the Blue Sky Defence War", planning to reduce 2015 VOC emissions 10% by 2020.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
It is a synthetic compound studied as an agonist of REV-ERB nuclear receptors. It is not an approved medicine and has mainly been examined in laboratory and animal research.
No. It is a small molecule that binds nuclear receptors involved in circadian regulation. Its classification differs from anabolic steroids or peptide hormones.
Published human clinical trial data are lacking. Most safety and activity information comes from preclinical models, so effects in people remain uncertain.
SR9009 is a synthetic small molecule studied as an agonist of the REV-ERB nuclear receptors. It is not an approved medicine, and its effects in humans are not well characterized.