Everything below concerns LC-MS/MS. We keep the language plain, cite what the science says, and separate well-supported claims from open questions.
Last reviewed on 2026-01-24. Where a claim depends on a specific study, the study is described rather than over-claimed.
SR9009 is frequently discussed in fitness and research-chemical contexts, yet it has no approved medical indication. Regulatory agencies have not authorized it for human use, and it is not a standard prescription drug. Some sports organizations list it as a prohibited substance because of its potential performance-enhancing properties. Published human data are sparse, so claims about its effects in people often rely on animal models or anecdotal reports. Quality and identity of online materials can vary widely.
SR9009 is a synthetic small molecule studied as a REV-ERB agonist. REV-ERBα and REV-ERBβ are nuclear receptors that help regulate circadian rhythms and metabolic gene expression. The compound was identified in academic screening efforts to find synthetic ligands for these receptors. In cell and animal studies, SR9009 alters transcription of genes involved in lipid and glucose metabolism, and it can shift circadian behavior. It is not an approved therapeutic agent.
Regulatory agencies have not approved SR9009 for human therapeutic use. It is typically sold as a research chemical with labels stating that it is not for human consumption. The World Anti-Doping Agency prohibits the substance in sport, generally under the category of non-approved substances. Customs and national laws may restrict importation, sale, or possession. Product quality and legal status can vary by country and vendor, and therapeutic claims are not permitted in regulated advertising because the compound lacks approval.
Several misconceptions surround SR9009. It is often described as a SARM, a steroid, or an exercise pill, but its known target is the REV-ERB receptor family. Rodent studies have examined exercise capacity and metabolic markers, yet human outcomes remain unproven. Oral bioavailability appears low in animals, and human pharmacokinetics are not well characterized. Online products may contain impurities or different compounds, so identity and purity testing are important for research use.
| Property | Value | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Chemical class | Synthetic REV-ERB agonist | Small-molecule ligand; not a hormone or peptide |
| Molecular formula | C20H24ClN3O4S | Reported for the free base |
| CAS Registry Number | 1379686-30-2 | Unique chemical identifier |
| Common synonyms | SR9009; stenabolic | Stenabolic is informal and not an official name |
| Reported targets | REV-ERBα and REV-ERBβ | Nuclear receptors linked to circadian and metabolic regulation |
Regulatory and sporting contexts treat SR9009 as a prohibited substance in many elite competitions. Its presence on banned lists reflects concerns about performance enhancement and unknown long-term safety. Analytical chemists have developed methods to detect the parent compound and its metabolites in urine and blood. Literature discussions distinguish between in vitro potency, animal pharmacology, and anecdotal human reports. The latter are difficult to verify because products sold online may lack purity or contain different compounds.
SR9009 is a synthetic small molecule studied as an agonist of the nuclear receptors REV-ERBα and REV-ERBβ. These receptors help regulate circadian rhythms, lipid metabolism, and inflammatory gene expression. In cell and animal experiments, SR9009 alters transcription of clock-controlled genes and metabolic pathways. The compound is not a hormone and does not resemble classical steroid structures. Its activity depends on binding to the ligand-binding domain of REV-ERB, where it can modify corepressor recruitment.
Stability depends on physical form, temperature, light exposure, and solvent. Solid SR9009 is generally stored cold and dry, with protection from light to limit degradation. Dimethyl sulfoxide stocks are common for laboratory work, but repeated freeze-thaw cycles can reduce compound integrity. Aqueous solutions may be less stable than organic stocks, and the ethyl ester in the structure can be susceptible to hydrolysis under certain conditions. Researchers typically validate storage conditions and recheck purity before quantitative experiments, especially when using archived material.
Regulatory treatment of SR9009 varies by country and region. It is not approved as a pharmaceutical, and several jurisdictions restrict its sale for human consumption. Some authorities classify it as a research chemical, a prescription-only substance, or a prohibited performance-enhancing agent in sport. Purchasers may encounter certificates of analysis, but these documents do not guarantee identity, purity, or legality. In research settings, institutional safety reviews and controlled procurement help ensure that materials are handled under appropriate oversight. The absence of harmonized rules means that legal status can change and requires verification.
Because REV-ERB receptors are core clock components, SR9009 has been examined for effects on daily rhythms as well as metabolism. Research has explored whether the compound can shift or reinforce circadian gene expression in tissues such as liver and muscle. Some studies report improved metabolic markers in obese or diabetic mice, while others show context-dependent responses. Questions remain about which effects are direct, which are secondary to timing, and how they might differ across species.
SR9009 is a synthetic small molecule studied as an agonist of REV-ERB nuclear receptors. REV-ERB alpha and REV-ERB beta help regulate circadian rhythms and metabolic gene expression. In laboratory research, SR9009 has been used to probe how these receptors affect skeletal muscle, liver, and adipose tissue. The compound was identified in academic drug-discovery work and is often described in scientific literature by its chemical name and research code. It is not an approved medicine, and human clinical data remain limited or absent.
REV-ERB proteins typically suppress gene expression by recruiting corepressor complexes to DNA response elements. SR9009 binds these receptors and strengthens that repressive action in cell-based assays. Studies in rodents have reported changes in lipid handling, mitochondrial function, and exercise capacity after treatment. Such findings are often cited as evidence for metabolic effects, but species differences and limited pharmacokinetic data make direct translation to humans uncertain. Researchers continue to examine which effects are robust and which depend on specific experimental conditions.
SR9009 is frequently discussed alongside other REV-ERB ligands, including synthetic agonists and natural heme-related molecules. Its selectivity for REV-ERB over related nuclear receptors has been measured in binding and reporter assays, though off-target activity at higher concentrations is possible. The compound is prohibited in sport by the World Anti-Doping Agency, and it is not approved for any medical use in major jurisdictions. Products sold online may be labeled as research chemicals, and their identity and purity are not guaranteed by regulatory review.
==== Obesity and osteoarthritis ==== Osteoarthritis and obesity are closely linked. Obesity is one of the most important preventable factors for the development of osteoarthritis. Originally, the relationship between osteoarthritis and obesity was considered to be exclusively biomechanically based, according to which the excess weight caused the joint to become worn down more quickly. However, today we recognise that there is also a metabolic component which explains why obesity is a risk factor for osteoarthritis, not only for weight-bearing joints (for example, the knees), but also for joints that do not bear weight (for example, the hands). Consequently, it has been shown that decreasing body fat lessens osteoarthritis to a greater extent than weight loss per se. This metabolic component related with the release of systemic factors, of a pro-inflammatory nature, by the adipose tissues, which frequently are critically associated with the development of osteoarthritis. Thus, the deregulated production of adipokines and inflammatory mediators, hyperlipidaemia, and the increase of systemic oxidative stress are conditions frequently associated with obesity, which can favour joint degeneration. Furthermore, many regulation factors have been implicated in the development, maintenance, and function, both of adipose tissues, as well as of the cartilage and other joint tissues. Alterations in these factors can be the additional link between obesity and osteoarthritis.
This expected technological unemployment has led to calls for increased emphasis on computer science education and debates about universal basic income. Political science experts predict that this could lead to a rise in extremism, while others see it as an opportunity to usher in a post-scarcity economy.
Albany has a home rule charter and a council–manager government. A full-time unelected city manager administers the day-to-day operations of the city for the council. The city manager since 2018 is Peter Troedsson. The mayor is elected at large every two years. The six council members represent the three geographic wards of the city and have overlapping four-year terms. The city charter was first adopted in 1891, and the most recent version of the city charter became effective on January 1, 1957, modified since then by ordinances adopted by the council. The mayor, as of 2025, is Alex Johnson II, and the council members are Steph Newton and Michael Thomson from Ward I, Carolyn McLeod and Chris Van Drimmelen from Ward II, and Ramycia McGhee and Marilyn Smith from Ward III. Albany City Hall is located on Broadalbin Street in the downtown section of the city and was built in 1995. In 2018, City Hall houses:
All injector pens other than those designed for single use require the use of single-use replaceable pen needles for each injection. These pen needles come in various lengths to accommodate varying depths of subcutaneous tissue under the top of the skin. Pen needles are designed for single use subcutaneous injection of medication and are not designed to be reused for more than one administration. The needles are generally manufactured with an outer protective plastic shell, which is used by a person to attach the needle to the pen, and an inner plastic shell protecting the needle itself. Instruction on how to properly attach and use needles is the responsibility of the doctor or pharmacist to ensure proper use. Today, pen needles are manufactured at shorter needle lengths than required for typical vial and syringe administration, which decreases the pain associated with injection. They are available in multiple lengths and gauge of needle, including 3.5mm, 4mm, 5mm, and 8mm lengths, and 31 through 34 gauge. Over time, needles have also had bevels designed which decrease the force required to penetrate the skin, which decreases the pain associated with injection and may increase the acceptability of self-injection. Furthermore, pen needles are designed for insertion at a 90-degree angle to the skin, as opposed to normal syringes which are designed to be injected at an angle. Pen needles generally do not require pinching of the skin for proper administration, unlike historically used syringes.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
Minoxidil, sold under the brand names Loniten and Rogaine among others, is a vasodilator medication used for the treatment of high blood pressure and hair loss. It may also be used off-label to promote beard growth and treat nail problems. The drug promotes hair growth, but its effects are fully reversible and it does not prevent hair loss long term. It is available as a generic medication by prescription in oral tablet form and over-the-counter as a topical liquid or foam. Oral minoxidil is used at high doses to treat high blood pressure and at low doses to treat hair loss, while topical minoxidil is used exclusively for hair loss and related indications. Extended-release oral minoxidil and sublingual minoxidil formulations for hair loss are also being studied and developed. Side effects of oral minoxidil may include low blood pressure, water retention and edema, salt retention, rapid heartbeat, dizziness, lightheadedness, headaches, excessive hair growth, and temporary hair shedding. Adverse effects of topical minoxidil include skin irritation, itching, dandruff, and temporary hair shedding. Rare but serious adverse effects of oral minoxidil include pericardial effusion, pleural effusion, cardiac tamponade, other cardiovascular complications, and pseudoacromegaly. Minoxidil is a prodrug of minoxidil sulfate, which acts as a KATP potassium channel opener to widen blood vessels and increase hair growth. The effects of minoxidil are dose-dependently similar to the symptoms of Cantú syndrome.
== Environmental impacts == Major threats that cold seep ecosystems and their communities face today are seafloor litter, chemical contaminants, and climate change. Seafloor litter alters the habitat by providing hard substrate where none was available before or by overlying the sediment, thereby inhibiting gas exchange and interfering with organisms on the bottom of the sea. Studies of marine litter in the Mediterranean include surveys of seabed debris on the continental shelf, slope, and bathyal plain. In most studies, plastic items accounted for much of the debris, sometimes as much as 90% or more of the total, owing to their ubiquitous use and poor degradability. Weapons and bombs have also been discarded at sea, and their dumping in open waters contributes to seafloor contamination. Another major threat to the benthic fauna is the presence of lost fishing gear, such as nets and longlines, which contribute to ghost fishing and can damage fragile ecosystems such as cold-water corals. Chemical contaminants such as persistent organic pollutants, toxic metals (e.g., Hg, Cd, Pb, Ni), radioactive compounds, pesticides, herbicides, and pharmaceuticals are also accumulating in deep-sea sediments. Topography (such as canyons) and hydrography (such as cascading events) play a major role in the transportation and accumulation of these chemicals from the coast and shelf to the deep basins, affecting the local fauna.
==== Corneal Allogenic Intrastromal Ring Segments (CAIRS) ==== Corneal Allogenic Intrastromal Ring Segments Keratoplasty (CAIRS Keratoplasty) represent an innovative surgical approach for the management of keratoconus, utilizing donor corneal tissue as biocompatible implants to reshape the ectatic cornea and improve visual acuity. CAIRS is a corneal transplant and due to its success rate, efficacy, safety profile and use of biologic tissue, it been recognised as such by funding bodies in Australia, the United Kingdom, Brazil, Japan, the Netherlands, Germany and numerous other countries. Unlike traditional synthetic intrastromal corneal ring segments (ICRS), which are typically made from polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA), CAIRS keratoplasty employs preserved allogeneic donor cornea to minimize risks such as extrusion, infection, or foreign body reactions associated with non-biological materials. The technique was developed by Soosan Jacob, who first described CAIRS in 2018 in a prospective interventional case series published in the Journal of Refractive Surgery. In this study, 24 eyes of 20 patients with keratoconus (grades 2–4) underwent CAIRS implantation combined with accelerated corneal collagen cross-linking (CXL). The procedure involved femtosecond laser-assisted creation of intrastromal tunnels followed by insertion of custom-cut allogeneic segments. Key outcomes included significant improvements in uncorrected distance visual acuity (UDVA) of 2.79 ± 2.65 lines and corrected distance visual acuity (CDVA) of 1.29 ± 1.33.
=== Inkjet printing === Inkjet printing requires coating paper in a hydrophobic polymer, and then selectively placing an ink that etches the polymer to reveal paper. This technique is low cost with high resolution, but is limited by the speed of placing one ink droplet at a time.
== U.S. Patents == Polypeptides and biosynthetic pathways for the production of monatin and its precursors, U.S. Patent 9,034,610. Polypeptides and biosynthetic pathways for the production of monatin and its precursors, U.S. Patent 8,435,765. Polypeptides and biosynthetic pathways for the production of monatin and its precursors, U.S. Patent 8,372,989. Production of monatin and monatin precursors, U.S. Patent 8,206,955. Polypeptides and biosynthetic pathways for the production of monatin and its precursors. U.S. Patent 7,572,607. Production of 3-hydroxypropionic acid in recombinant organisms, U.S. Patent 6,852,517. Microbial production of 1,2-propanediol from sugar, U.S. Patent 6,303,352. Microbial production of 1,2-propanediol from sugar, U.S. Patent 6,087,140. Novel glycerol phosphatase with stereo-specific activity. U.S. Patent 5,733,749. Polysaccharide composition and process for preparing same. U.S. Patent 5,288,618. Galactomannan polysaccharide producing organism. U.S. Patent 5,130,249.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
SR9009 is a synthetic compound investigated as an agonist of the nuclear receptors REV-ERBα and REV-ERBβ. It is used in preclinical research on circadian rhythm and metabolism. It is not an approved drug.
No. It has no approved medical indication, and human safety and efficacy data are limited. It appears in research chemical markets and is banned by some sports authorities.
Natural ligands include heme and certain metabolites; SR9009 is a synthetic small molecule with higher potency and selectivity in some assays. Its effects depend on cell type and timing. It is not a naturally occurring compound.
Legality depends on the country and the intended use. In many places it is not approved as a medicine and may be sold only as a research chemical. Importation or possession can be restricted, and sports organizations prohibit it.