This is a working overview of research chemical, written for readers who want more than a one-paragraph summary but less than a textbook.
This page was last updated on 2026-01-08 and is reviewed periodically as new material appears.
Regulatory and sporting contexts treat SR9009 as a prohibited substance in many elite competitions. Its presence on banned lists reflects concerns about performance enhancement and unknown long-term safety. Analytical chemists have developed methods to detect the parent compound and its metabolites in urine and blood. Literature discussions distinguish between in vitro potency, animal pharmacology, and anecdotal human reports. The latter are difficult to verify because products sold online may lack purity or contain different compounds.
SR9009 is a synthetic small molecule studied as an agonist of the nuclear receptors REV-ERBα and REV-ERBβ. These receptors help regulate circadian rhythms, lipid metabolism, and inflammatory gene expression. In cell and animal experiments, SR9009 alters transcription of clock-controlled genes and metabolic pathways. The compound is not a hormone and does not resemble classical steroid structures. Its activity depends on binding to the ligand-binding domain of REV-ERB, where it can modify corepressor recruitment.
Research interest in SR9009 grew from studies of circadian biology and metabolic disease. Preclinical reports describe effects on exercise capacity, muscle metabolism, and blood lipid levels in rodents, but these findings come from controlled laboratory settings. The compound has low oral bioavailability in animals, which limits systemic exposure after swallowing. Investigators often use injected routes in experiments to achieve measurable plasma concentrations. Human clinical data are sparse, no approved therapeutic product exists, and whether animal effects translate to humans remains an open question.
Detection of SR9009 in biological samples usually employs liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. This method can identify the parent compound and sometimes metabolites in urine or blood. Because exposure can be low and clearance may be rapid, sample timing and limits of detection matter. Laboratories validate assays for sensitivity and specificity. Results are interpreted alongside chain-of-custody and quality-control records. Urine is the common matrix for anti-doping analysis, while blood may be used in research settings.
Handling recommendations for SR9009 in a laboratory setting include storing the solid at low temperature, protected from light and moisture. The compound is often dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide or ethanol for experiments. Solutions should be prepared with appropriate personal protective equipment and disposed of according to local rules. Stability data for long-term storage are limited, so stock solutions are typically kept cold and used within defined periods. Records of preparation date and concentration support reproducibility.
| Property | Value | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Chemical class | Synthetic REV-ERB agonist | Binds REV-ERBα and REV-ERBβ in preclinical models |
| Molecular formula | C20H24ClN3O4S | Reported for the parent compound |
| CAS Registry Number | 1379686-30-2 | Common identifier in chemical databases |
| Appearance | Off-white to pale yellow solid | Typical research chemical solid |
| Solubility | Soluble in DMSO and ethanol; low in water | Class: small organic molecule |
SR9009 is a synthetic small molecule studied as an agonist of the nuclear receptors REV-ERBα and REV-ERBβ. These receptors help regulate circadian rhythms and metabolic gene expression. In laboratory experiments, SR9009 binds these receptors and alters transcription of genes involved in lipid handling, glucose metabolism, and mitochondrial function. It is not a naturally occurring compound and has no approved therapeutic use. Research interest stems from its ability to modify energy metabolism in cells and animal models.
In rodent studies, SR9009 has been reported to increase mitochondrial content in skeletal muscle and improve exercise endurance under some conditions. These findings led to popular descriptions such as an exercise mimetic, although that term oversimplifies the biology. Effects vary by dose, timing, tissue, and model. The compound's influence on circadian pathways means that time of administration can matter in experiments. Whether similar metabolic changes occur in humans remains largely unexplored in controlled published trials.
Regulatory agencies have not approved SR9009 for human therapeutic use. It is typically sold as a research chemical with labels stating that it is not for human consumption. The World Anti-Doping Agency prohibits the substance in sport, generally under the category of non-approved substances. Customs and national laws may restrict importation, sale, or possession. Product quality and legal status can vary by country and vendor, and therapeutic claims are not permitted in regulated advertising because the compound lacks approval.
Several misconceptions surround SR9009. It is often described as a SARM, a steroid, or an exercise pill, but its known target is the REV-ERB receptor family. Rodent studies have examined exercise capacity and metabolic markers, yet human outcomes remain unproven. Oral bioavailability appears low in animals, and human pharmacokinetics are not well characterized. Online products may contain impurities or different compounds, so identity and purity testing are important for research use.
Analytical chemists detect SR9009 with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, commonly abbreviated LC-MS/MS. Sample preparation may involve protein precipitation, liquid-liquid extraction, or solid-phase extraction before analysis. Laboratories can target the parent compound or its metabolites, depending on the matrix and the purpose of testing. Anti-doping methods require sensitive and specific assays because concentrations in biological samples can be low. Reference standards and validated methods are essential for reliable identification and quantification.
The e-cigarette vapor levels for nickel, chromium, lead, manganese surpassed occupational or environmental standards for at least 50% of the samples. The same study found 10% of the e-liquids tested contained arsenic and the amounts remained about the same as the e-cigarette vapor. The average amounts of exposure to cadmium from 1,200 e-cigarette puffs were found to be 2.6 times lower than the chronic Permissible Daily Exposure from inhalation medications, outlined by the US Pharmacopeia. One sample tested resulted in daily exposure 10% greater than chronic PDE from inhalation medications, while in four samples the amounts were comparable to outdoor air levels. Cadmium and lead have been found in the e-cigarette vapor at 2–3 times greater levels than with a nicotine inhaler. A 2015 study stated the amount of copper have been found to be six times greater than with cigarette smoke. A 2013 study stated the levels of nickel have been found to be 100 times higher than cigarette smoke. A 2014 study stated the levels of silver have been found to be at a greater amount than with cigarette smoke. Increased amounts of copper and zinc in vapor generated by some e-cigarettes may be the result of corrosion on the brass electrical connector as indicated in particulates of copper and zinc in e-liquid. In addition, a tin solder joint may be subjected to corrosion, which may result in increased amounts of tin in some e-liquids. Generally low levels of contaminates may include metals from the heating coils, solders, and wick.
deoxyguanosine Abbreviated in shorthand with dG. One of the four standard deoxyribonucleosides used in DNA molecules, consisting of a guanine base with its N9 nitrogen bonded to the C1 carbon of a deoxyribose sugar. Guanine bonded to ribose forms an alternate compound known simply as guanosine, which is used in RNA.
=== Automotive === American Automobile Association (AAA), aka Triple A Australian Automobile Association AG für Akkumulatoren- und Automobilbau, German automobile manufacturer Ateliers d'Automobiles et d'Aviation, a French automobile manufacturer American Ambulance Association AAA Cooper Transportation, an American less-than-truckload freight carrier
=== Drug delivery === Cyclodextrins are ingredients in more than 30 different approved medicines. With a hydrophobic interior and hydrophilic exterior, cyclodextrins form complexes with hydrophobic compounds. Alpha-, beta-, and gamma-cyclodextrin are all generally recognized as safe by the U.S. FDA. They have been applied for delivery of a variety of drugs, including hydrocortisone, prostaglandin, nitroglycerin, itraconazole, chloramphenicol. The cyclodextrin confers solubility and stability to these drugs. The inclusion compounds of cyclodextrins with hydrophobic molecules are able to penetrate body tissues, these can be used to release biologically active compounds under specific conditions. In most cases the mechanism of controlled degradation of such complexes is based on pH change of water solutions, leading to the loss of hydrogen or ionic bonds between the host and the guest molecules. Alternative means for the disruption of the complexes take advantage of heating or action of enzymes able to cleave α-1,4 linkages between glucose monomers. Cyclodextrins were also shown to enhance mucosal penetration of drugs.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
Under Guzmán, the Sinaloa Cartel fought the Juárez Cartel in a prolonged battle for control over drug trafficking routes in and around Ciudad Juárez. The battle resulted in defeat for the Juárez Cartel, resulting in the deaths of between 5,000 and 12,000 people. The Sinaloa Cartel used several gangs (e.g. Los Mexicles, the Artistas Asesinos and Gente Nueva) to attack the Juárez Cartel. The Juárez Cartel similarly used gangs such as La Línea and the Barrio Azteca to fight the Sinaloa Cartel. In February 2010, the Federation formed new alliances against Los Zetas and the Beltrán-Leyva Cartel. Guzmán was arrested and escaped in 2015, re-arrested in 2016, and extradited to the U.S. in 2017. Guzmán claimed that he had paid former presidents Enrique Peña Nieto and Felipe Calderón bribes, which both denied. In 2019, he was convicted of drug trafficking and sentenced to life imprisonment, after which Ismael "El Mayo" Zambada emerged as the cartel's senior figure. Zambada was arrested in 2024 and extradited to the U.S. in 2025. In January 2023, the arrest of Guzmán's son Ovidio Guzmán sparked a wave of violence in the state of Sinaloa, with the military deploying aircraft and heavy forces in response. Following the arrests of Guzmán and Zambada, the Sinaloa Cartel has experienced infighting, with rival factions aligning under their respective names. In February 2026, the U.S. State Department says it will pay up to $10 million for information leading to the arrests or convictions of two brothers identified as leaders of Mexico's Sinaloa cartel in the state of Baja California.
In a TMU-LiCl mixture, stable isotropic solutions can be obtained up to a PPB polymer concentration of 14%. TMU also dissolves cellulose ester and swells other polymers such as polycarbonates, polyvinyl chloride, or aliphatic polyamides - usually at elevated temperature. Strong and hindered non-nucleophilic guanidine bases are accessible from TMU in a simple manner, which are in contrast to the fused amidine bases DBN or DBU not alkylated.
The time it takes to have the request approved can delay the person starting the medication. The prior authorization process can also affect adherence because approval is needed for every prescription. This presents the potential for a gap in treatment and withdrawal symptoms as the person waits for approval. Several insurance companies, as well as Medicaid in various states, have removed the use of prior authorization for Suboxone in an attempt to increase access to this treatment.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
Elevated homocysteine levels, often due to mutations in the MTHFR gene, appear to increase the risk of vertebral artery dissection. People with an aneurysm of the aortic root and people with a history of migraine may be predisposed to vertebral artery dissection. Vascular tortuosity or redundancy in young patients is associated with an increased risk of spontaneous dissection.
=== Assessment and physical examination === Catatonia is often overlooked and under-diagnosed. Most patients present with an underlying psychiatric disorder, which can obscure recognition of catatonia. For example, psychotic symptoms may dominate the clinical picture, while classic catatonic features (such as mutism or posturing) are absent. Motor abnormalities can also be misleading; in mania, increased motor activity is typically goal-directed, whereas in excited catatonia, activity is non–goal-directed and repetitive. Careful observation of motor behavior is therefore crucial for diagnosis. Catatonia remains a clinical diagnosis with no specific laboratory test to diagnose it. However, supportive investigations may help identify underlying causes:
The Socialist Republic of Serbia (SR Serbia), known from 1946 to 1963 as the People's Republic of Serbia and commonly referred to as Serbia, was one of the six constituent republics of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. Its formation was initiated in 1941, and achieved in 1944–1946, when it was established as a federated republic within Yugoslavia. In that form, it lasted until the constitutional reforms from 1990 to 1992, when it was reconstituted, as the Republic of Serbia within the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. It was the largest constituent republic of Yugoslavia, in terms of population and territory. Within Serbia were the two autonomous provinces: Kosovo and Vojvodina. Its capital, Belgrade, was also the federal capital of Yugoslavia.
== Research == Through his research laboratory, the Tew laboratory, he has conducted research in redox pathways, with an emphasis on drug development, biomarker identification, and comprehending the effects of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species on cancer cells. He has focused on distinct post-translationally modified S-glutathionylated proteins affecting cell-signaling pathways, potentially acting as surrogate plasma biomarkers for drug response induced by oxidative and nitrosative stress. He holds patents for his work, contributing to the development of a glutathione S-transferase-activated prodrug and two small molecules in clinical development as potential myeloproliferative agents.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
SR9009 is a synthetic small molecule studied as an agonist of the REV-ERB nuclear receptors. It is not an approved medicine, and its effects in humans are not well characterized.
No. It is a synthetic ligand that binds nuclear receptors, not a steroid or peptide hormone. Its activity depends on receptor binding rather than endocrine secretion.
Clinical evidence is limited. Most published data come from cell and animal experiments. Human safety and efficacy remain uncertain.
Its legal status depends on the country and intended use. It is not an approved medicine in major jurisdictions. In sport, it is prohibited by anti-doping rules.